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If you've been exposed, are sick, or are caring for someone with COVID-19

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If you've been exposed to someone with COVID-nineteen or begin to experience symptoms of the illness, you may exist asked to self-quarantine or self-isolate. What does that entail, and what can you do to prepare yourself for an extended stay at home? How shortly after yous're infected volition you start to be contagious? And what can you exercise to prevent others in your household from getting sick?

Visit our Coronavirus Resource Center for more information on coronavirus and COVID-19.

Bound to: Symptoms | Testing | Antibodies | Contagiousness | Long Term Effects

Symptoms of COVID-nineteen

What are the symptoms of COVID-xix?

Some people infected with the virus have no symptoms. When the virus does cause symptoms, common ones include fever, body ache, dry cough, fatigue, chills, headache, sore pharynx, loss of appetite, and loss of smell. In some people, COVID-xix causes more severe symptoms like loftier fever, severe cough, and shortness of breath, which often indicates pneumonia.

People with COVID-19 can as well experience neurological symptoms, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, or both. These may occur with or without respiratory symptoms.

For example, COVID-xix affects encephalon role in some people. Specific neurological symptoms seen in people with COVID-19 include loss of smell, inability to taste, muscle weakness, tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, dizziness, confusion, delirium, seizures, and stroke.

In addition, some people accept gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, such as loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain or discomfort associated with COVID-19.

What should I practise if I think I or my kid may have a COVID-19 infection?

Get-go, call your doc or pediatrician for advice.

If you lot exercise not accept a md and y'all are concerned that you or your kid may have COVID-19, contact your local board of health. They can straight you to the best identify for testing and handling in your expanse. Over-the-counter tests may also exist bachelor at your local pharmacy or grocery store.

If yous do exam positive and either have no symptoms or can recover at home, you will still need to

isolate at home for five days
if yous have no symptoms or your symptoms are improving after v days, you tin can discontinue isolation and leave your home
continue to wear a mask effectually others for five additional days.

If you lot accept a fever, continue to isolate at home until you lot no longer have a fever.

If you have a high or very low body temperature, shortness of breath, defoliation, or feeling yous might pass out, you need to seek immediate medical evaluation. Phone call the urgent care eye or emergency department alee of time to let the staff know that you are coming, so they can be prepared for your arrival.

How do I know if I have COVID-19, the influenza, or just a cold?

Now that the Omicron variant of COVID-19 is the dominant strain, telling the deviation is more challenging than e'er. Even if you have been vaccinated and additional, you lot tin still get symptoms, but they are probable to be balmy to moderate in severity. For those not vaccinated, the adventure of severe symptoms that can exist life-threatening is still substantial.

At the electric current time, people with "flulike" symptoms should assume they accept COVID. If possible, adapt to go tested or do a home test. If the examination is positive, you should isolate at habitation for five days. If yous had a negative test when symptoms started, it's still all-time to isolate at domicile for two to 3 more days, to monitor your symptoms and prevent spreading infection. (That's because there is a chance of false negatives with antigen tests, which means yous tin even so have COVID with a negative test.) Consider testing once again before going out. Once you lot are gear up to leave abode, go on to consistently wear a mask for at least v more days.

COVID-19 Testing

I recently spent time with someone who tested positive for COVID-19. I'one thousand fully vaccinated and boosted. Practice I need to become tested?

According to the latest CDC guidelines, if yous are vaccinated and boosted, or have gotten your initial vaccine series within the last six months (for Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna) or the last two months (for Johnson & Johnson), you should wear a mask around others for 10 days and have a COVID test on day 5, if possible. If you develop symptoms, get tested sooner and isolate at home.

If you are unvaccinated, had your last Pfizer or Moderna shot more than than six months ago and have not been boosted, or had your Johnson & Johnson show more than than 2 months agone and accept not been boosted, y'all should stay home for five days and wearable a mask around others for an additional five days. If you can't quarantine, clothing a mask around others for 10 days. Get tested for COVID on twenty-four hours v, if possible. If you develop symptoms at any time, get tested and isolate at home.

What is the difference betwixt a PCR test and an antigen exam for COVID-nineteen?

PCR tests and antigen tests are both diagnostic tests, which means that they tin can be used to determine whether yous currently take an active coronavirus infection. However, there are important differences between these two types of tests.

PCR tests detect the presence of the virus's genetic fabric using a technique called contrary transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, or RT-PCR. For this test, a sample may exist collected through a nasal or throat swab, or a saliva sample may be used. The sample is typically sent to a laboratory where coronavirus RNA (if present) is extracted from the sample and converted into Deoxyribonucleic acid. The DNA is and then amplified, meaning that many copies of the viral Dna are made, in order to produce a measurable result. The accurateness of whatever diagnostic test depends on many factors, including whether the sample was collected properly, when during the class of illness the testing was washed, and whether the sample was maintained in appropriate conditions while it was shipped to the laboratory. Generally speaking, PCR tests are highly accurate.

Antigen tests detect specific proteins on the surface of the coronavirus. They are sometimes referred to as rapid diagnostic tests because information technology can accept less than an hour to get the test results. Positive antigen exam results are highly specific, meaning that if you test positive you are very probable to be infected. Even so, there is a higher take chances of false negatives with antigen tests, which means that a negative result cannot definitively rule out an active infection. If yous have a negative upshot on an antigen test, your doctor may order a PCR test or a 2nd rapid antigen test to confirm the result.

It may be helpful to think of a COVID antigen test every bit you lot would think of a rapid strep examination or a rapid flu test. A positive result for whatsoever of these tests is probable to be accurate, and allows diagnosis and treatment to brainstorm quickly, while a negative result often results in further testing to ostend or overturn the initial outcome.

How reliable are the tests for COVID-19?

Ii types of diagnostic tests are currently available in the Us. PCR tests detect viral RNA. Antigen tests, also chosen rapid diagnostic tests, detect specific proteins on the surface of the coronavirus. Antigen test results may come back in as trivial as 15 to 45 minutes; y'all may wait several days for PCR test results.

The accuracy of any diagnostic test depends on many factors, including whether the sample was collected properly. For PCR tests, which are typically analyzed in a laboratory, test results may be affected past the weather condition in which the test was shipped to the laboratory.

Results may as well be affected by the timing of the examination. For example, if you are tested on the twenty-four hours you were infected, your test result is almost guaranteed to come dorsum negative, because there are non yet plenty viral particles in your nose or saliva to detect. The chance of getting a false negative test result decreases if yous are tested a few days afterwards you lot were infected, or a few days later on you develop symptoms.

Generally speaking, if a exam result comes back positive, information technology is almost certain that the person is infected.

A negative examination result is less definite. There is a higher chance of false negatives with antigen tests, and early data suggests that antigen tests may exist fifty-fifty more than probable to miss the Omicron variant. If you have a negative effect on an antigen test, your physician may social club a PCR exam or recommend a 2d rapid antigen test to confirm the issue.

If you experience COVID-like symptoms and get a negative PCR test issue, there is no reason to echo the examination unless your symptoms get worse. If your symptoms do worsen, call your doctor or local or state healthcare department for guidance on further testing. Y'all should too self-isolate at home. Wear a mask when interacting with members of your household. And practice physical distancing.

What is serologic (antibody) testing for COVID-19? What tin can it be used for?

A serologic test is a blood test that looks for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 created past your allowed organization in response to infection or vaccination.

Your body takes one to 3 weeks subsequently y'all have acquired the infection to develop antibodies to this virus. For this reason, serologic tests are not sensitive enough to accurately diagnose an active COVID-nineteen infection, even in people with symptoms.

Antibodies and Spreading COVID-19

I've heard that the allowed system produces different types of antibodies when a person is infected with the COVID-xix coronavirus. How practise they differ? Why is this of import?

When a person gets or is vaccinated confronting a viral or bacterial infection, a healthy allowed system makes antibodies against one or more than components of the virus or bacterium.

The COVID-xix coronavirus contains ribonucleic acrid (RNA) surrounded by a protective layer, which has spike proteins on the outer surface that can latch on to certain human cells. Once inside the cells, the viral RNA starts to replicate and also turns on the product of proteins, both of which permit the virus to infect more cells and spread throughout the body, specially to the lungs.

While the immune organization could potentially respond to different parts of the virus, it's the spike proteins that get the almost attention. Immune cells recognize the spike proteins every bit a foreign substance and begin producing antibodies in response.

At that place are two principal categories of antibodies:

Binding antibodies. These antibodies tin can bind to either the spike protein or a different protein known equally the nucleocapsid protein. Bounden antibodies can be detected with claret tests starting about one week after the initial infection. If antibodies are found, it'south extremely probable that the person has been infected with the COVID-xix coronavirus. The antibiotic level declines over time after an infection, sometimes to an undetectable level.

Binding antibodies help fight the infection, only they might not offer protection against getting reinfected in the time to come. It depends on whether they are also neutralizing antibodies.

Neutralizing antibodies. The body makes neutralizing antibodies that assault the coronavirus's spike protein, making it more difficult for the virus to attach to and enter human being cells. Neutralizing antibodies provide more lasting protection than binding antibodies against reinfection.

Monoclonal antibodies are manmade versions of neutralizing antibodies. The FDA has authorized monoclonal antibody treatments for certain groups of COVID-19 patients.

Can a person who has been infected with coronavirus get infected again?

The immune system responds to COVID-19 infection past stimulating white claret cells called lymphocytes to form antibodies that fight the infection. These antibodies and lymphocytes retain a temporary protective issue against reinfection. But information technology is only temporary. There have been many confirmed cases of reinfection with COVID-19. In other words, a person got sick with COVID-19, recovered, and then became infected again.

This has been specially true equally the coronavirus has mutated into COVID-19 variants. In that location was a rising in reinfections with the Delta variant, and an explosive increase in the reinfection charge per unit due to the Omicron variant. Omicron has about fifty mutations, including more than than thirty mutations on the spike protein, the region of the virus that our immune systems recognize after previous infection. Because of this, Omicron is more capable than previous variants of evading our immune defenses and causing reinfection.

We have learned that vaccination plus a booster dose strengthens the natural allowed response, even in those who have been previously infected, and farther reduces the risk of reinfection. Although breakthrough infections later vaccination are also more common with Omicron than previous variants, vaccination continues to protect well against astringent affliction.

The bottom line? Get vaccinated and boosted whether or not you've already had COVID-19.

Contagiousness of COVID-19

How soon afterwards I'k infected with the new coronavirus will I start to exist contagious?

The fourth dimension from exposure to symptom onset (known as the incubation period) is thought to exist two to 14 days. Symptoms typically appeared within v days for early variants, and within four days for the Delta variant. The incubation menses appears to exist fifty-fifty shorter – most iii days – for the Omicron variant.

Nosotros know that people tend to be about infectious early in the grade of their infection. With Omicron, most manual occurs during the 1 to two days before onset of symptoms, and in the 2 to three days afterwards.

Wearing masks, especially indoors, tin can assistance reduce the chance that someone who is infected merely not yet experiencing symptoms may unknowingly infect others.

Can people without symptoms spread the virus to others?

"Without symptoms" can refer to two groups of people: those who eventually do have symptoms (pre-symptomatic) and those who never proceed to accept symptoms (asymptomatic). During this pandemic, we have seen that people without symptoms can spread the coronavirus infection to others.

A person with COVID-xix may be contagious 48 hours before starting to experience symptoms. In fact, people without symptoms may exist more likely to spread the illness, because they are unlikely to exist isolating and may not adopt behaviors designed to forestall spread.

But what near people who never keep to develop symptoms? A study published inJAMA Network Open institute that almost one out of every 4 infections may be transmitted past individuals with asymptomatic infections. The proportion of asymptomatic transmission appears to be fifty-fifty college with the Omicron variant.

Getting vaccinated and boosted once you lot are eligible is important for protecting not just yourself but others besides; evidence suggests that you're less likely to infect others, or may be contagious for a shorter period of time, once you've been vaccinated.

For how long after I am infected volition I continue to be contagious? At what bespeak in my disease will I be about contagious?

People are thought to be well-nigh contagious early on in the course of their illness. With Omicron, most transmission appears to occur during the 1 to two days before onset of symptoms, and in the two to three days afterwards. People with no symptoms can as well spread the coronavirus to others.

By the 10th day after COVID symptoms begin, most people volition no longer be contagious, equally long as their symptoms accept continued to improve and their fever has resolved. People who test positive for the virus but never develop symptoms over the following 10 days after testing are also probably no longer contagious.

The CDC'south isolation guidelines, updated in December 2021, reflect this cognition. Co-ordinate to the guidelines, everyone who tests positive for COVID-19 should

isolate at abode for five days
if you have no symptoms or your symptoms are improving afterwards five days, yous can discontinue isolation and leave your dwelling
go along to clothing a mask around others for five additional days.

If you have a fever, continue to isolate at dwelling until you no longer accept a fever.

I'm vaccinated but got a breakthrough COVID infection. Can I still spread the infection to others?

Aye, yous tin. That's why the CDC recommends that everyone who tests positive for COVID-19 should isolate from others for at to the lowest degree five days, regardless of their vaccination status.

How can I protect myself while caring for someone that may have COVID-xix?

Y'all should take many of the aforementioned precautions as you lot would if you were caring for someone with the flu:

Stay in another room or exist separated from the person equally much equally possible. Use a carve up bedroom and bathroom, if available.
Brand sure that shared spaces in the dwelling have good air catamenia. If possible, open a window.
Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least xx seconds or utilise an alcohol-based manus sanitizer that contains 60 to 95% booze, covering all surfaces of your easily and rubbing them together until they feel dry. Use soap and water if your hands are visibly muddy.
Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
Y'all and the person should wear a confront mask if you are in the same room.
Clothing a disposable face mask and gloves when you impact or have contact with the person'southward blood, stool, or body fluids, such equally saliva, sputum, nasal mucus, vomit, urine.
- Throw out disposable face masks and gloves after using them. Practise not reuse.
- Offset remove and throw away gloves. Then, immediately clean your easily with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Side by side, remove and throw away the face up mask, and immediately make clean your hands over again with soap and water or alcohol-based paw sanitizer.
Do non share household items such as dishes, drinking glasses, cups, eating utensils, towels, bedding, or other items with the person who is sick. After the person uses these items, wash them thoroughly.
Clean all "high-touch" surfaces, such as counters, tabletops, doorknobs, bathroom fixtures, toilets, phones, keyboards, tablets, and bedside tables, every day. As well, clean any surfaces that may take blood, stool, or body fluids on them. Employ a household cleaning spray or wipe.
- Launder laundry thoroughly.
- Immediately remove and wash clothes or bedding that have blood, stool, or body fluids on them.
Habiliment disposable gloves while handling soiled items and continue soiled items abroad from your body. Make clean your hands immediately subsequently removing your gloves.
Place all used dispensable gloves, face masks, and other contaminated items in a lined container earlier disposing of them with other household waste material. Clean your hands (with soap and water or an booze-based mitt sanitizer) immediately later on handling these items.

Can people infect pets with the COVID-xix virus?

The virus that causes COVID-19 does announced to spread from people to pets, according to the FDA, though this is uncommon. Research has found that cats and ferrets are more than likely to become infected than dogs.

If you lot become ill with COVID-19, information technology's all-time to restrict contact with your pets, only like you would around other people. This means you should forgo petting, snuggling, being kissed or licked, and sharing nutrient or bedding with your pet until y'all are feeling better. When possible, have another member of your household intendance for your pets while you are sick. If y'all must treat your pet while you are sick, wash your hands before and after you lot collaborate with your pets and clothing a face mask.

At present, information technology is considered unlikely that pets tin can spread the COVID-xix virus to humans. However, pets can spread other infections that crusade disease, includingDue east. coli and Salmonella, and so wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after interacting with your animal companions.

Long Term Effects of COVID-nineteen

I had COVID-19 a few months ago. Am I at increased take a chance for wellness problems in the future?

It does appear that people who recover from COVID-nineteen take an increased risk of developing other medical atmospheric condition, at to the lowest degree in the short term.

One study, published inThe BMJ, collected laboratory test and infirmary admissions data from a health plan in the U.s.a.. The researchers compared data from more 190,000 adults, ages xviii to 65 years, who tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus in 2020, to data from a control group that was nerveless in 2019, before the pandemic. The researchers followed the participants for half dozen months subsequently they tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and recorded any new health complications.

They plant that 14% of people who had had COVID-19 developed a new medical issue during the following six months; this was well-nigh v% higher than the pre-pandemic command group, a significant departure. New medical bug affected a range of torso systems and included respiratory failure, abnormal heart rhythms, diabetes, neurological problems, and liver and kidney problems. Increased risk was seen in younger, previously healthy people, but was college in older people and those with pre-existing medical problems.

Another study, published inNature, compared the health records of more than 73,000 users of the Veteran's Health Administration (VHA) who tested positive for SARS-CoV-ii but were never hospitalized, to those of nearly five million other VHA users who never tested positive for COVID-19 and were never hospitalized. For six months following the first 30 days afterwards infection, people who had had COVID-19 were significantly more likely to die or to experience a medical or mental health problem that they had never had earlier.

These studies provide nonetheless some other reason to get vaccinated and boosted if you are eligible.

Who are long-haulers? And what is post-viral syndrome?

Long haulers are people who have not fully recovered from COVID-19 weeks or fifty-fifty months after starting time experiencing symptoms. Some long haulers experience continuous symptoms for weeks or months, while others feel better for weeks, and then relapse with old or new symptoms. The constellation of symptoms long haulers feel, sometimes chosen mail service-COVID-19 syndrome or postal service-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-two infection (PASC), is not unique to this infection. Other infections, such as Lyme illness, can cause similar long-lasting symptoms.

Emerging research may assist predict who volition become a long hauler. One study institute that COVID-nineteen patients who experienced more than v symptoms during their start week of disease were significantly more likely to become long haulers. Certain symptoms — fatigue, headache, difficulty breathing, a hoarse voice, and muscle or trunk aches — experienced lone or in combination during the showtime week of affliction likewise increased the chances of becoming a long hauler, equally did increasing historic period and college torso mass index (BMI).

Though these factors may increase the likelihood of long-term symptoms, anyone can become a long hauler. Many long haulers initially take balmy to moderate symptoms — or no symptoms at all — and exercise not require hospitalization. Previously healthy immature adults, not simply older adults with coexisting medical weather, are also experiencing post-COVID-19 syndrome.

Symptoms of mail service-COVID-19 syndrome, like symptoms of COVID-19 itself, tin vary widely. Some of the more than mutual lasting symptoms include fatigue, worsening of symptoms subsequently physical or mental activity, brain fog, shortness of jiff, chills, body anguish, headache, articulation pain, chest hurting, cough, and lingering loss of taste or smell. Many long haulers report cognitive dysfunction or memory loss that affects their solar day-to-mean solar day power to do things similar make decisions, take conversations, follow instructions, and drive. The common thread is that long haulers haven't returned to their pre-COVID wellness, and ongoing symptoms are negatively affecting their quality of life. A systematic review published in JAMA Network Open reported that more than half of people infected with COVID-xix connected to experience at least one symptom six months afterwards their diagnosis.

In that location'southward already some speculation, but no definite answers, about what is causing these ongoing symptoms. Some researchers doubtable that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers long-lasting changes in the immune system. Others propose that it triggers autonomic nervous system dysregulation, which can touch on eye rate, claret force per unit area, and sweating, amidst other things.

Blog posts:

Could COVID-19 infection be responsible for your depressed mood or feet?
What is COVID-19 brain fog — and how can you clear it?
The tragedy of the post-COVID "long haulers"
The hidden long-term cerebral effects of COVID
Which test is all-time for COVID-19?
Allergies? Common common cold? Flu? Or COVID-19?

Podcast:

You think you've got COVID-19. Here'due south what yous demand to do (recorded 4/10/20)

We asked Dr. Mallika Marshall, medical reporter for CBS-affiliate WBZ Idiot box in Boston and an instructor at Harvard Medical School, how we should react when nosotros start to experience a dry cough or perhaps spike a fever. Who do you call? How practise you protect your family? When does it brand sense to move toward an emergency section, and how should we prepare? Dr. Marshall is the host of Harvard Health Publishing's online course series, and an urgent care physician at Mass General Hospital.

Visit our Coronavirus Resource Centre for more information on coronavirus and COVID-19.

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Source: https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/if-youve-been-exposed-to-the-coronavirus

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